Y Gaeaf Arabaidd

Enw ar y don newydd o awdurdodaeth ac eithafiaeth Islamaidd^[1] yn y byd Arabaidd yn sgil protestiadau a chwyldroadau'r Gwanwyn Arabaidd (2010–12)^[2] yw'r Gaeaf Arabaidd.^{[3][4][5][6][7]} Mae'r term yn crybwyll rhyfeloedd cartref, gwrthchwyldroadau, erledigaeth, a therfysgaeth ar draws gwledydd y Cynghrair Arabaidd yn y Dwyrain Canol a Gogledd Affrica, gan gynnwys Rhyfel Cartref Syria (ers 2011),^[8][9] y gwrthryfel yn Irac yn sgil enciliad lluoedd Americanaidd (2011–13) a rhyfel y Wladwriaeth Islamaidd yn Irac (2013–17),^[10] yr argyfwng a gwrthdaro gwleidyddol yn yr Aifft (2011–14),^[11] Rhyfel Cartref Cyntaf (2011) ac Ail Ryfel Cartref Libia (2014–20), a Rhyfel Cartref Iemen (ers 2014).^[12]

Bathwyd y term "y Gaeaf Arabaidd" gan y gwyddonydd gwleidyddol Zhang Weiwei o Tsieina, mewn dadl gyda'r ysgolhaig Americanaidd Francis Fukuyama ym Mehefin 2011.^[13][14]

1. ↑ Yun Ru Phua. "After Every Winter Comes Spring: Tunisia's Democratic Flowering – Berkeley Political Review". Bpr.berkeley.edu. Cyrchwyd 2017-02-11.
2. ↑ Ahmed H Adam and Ashley D Robinson. Will the Arab Winter spring again in Sudan?. Al-Jazeera. 11 June 2016. [1] "The Arab Spring that swept across the Middle East and succeeded in overthrowing three dictatorships in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya in 2011 was a pivotal point in the history of nations. Despite the subsequent descent into the "Arab Winter", the peaceful protests of young people were heroic..."
3. ↑ Spencer, Richard (2012-12-31). "Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter". The Telegraph. Cyrchwyd July 19, 2014.
4. ↑ "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad". The Telegraph. The Jerusalem Post. Cyrchwyd October 8, 2014.
5. ↑ "Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter'". CBN. 2014-09-08. Cyrchwyd October 8, 2014.
6. ↑ "The Arab Winter". The New Yorker. 2011-12-28. http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-arab-winter. Adalwyd October 8, 2014.
7. ↑ "Arab Spring or Arab Winter?". The New Yorker. Cyrchwyd October 8, 2014.
8. ↑ Karber, Phil (2012-06-18). Fear and Faith in Paradise. ISBN 978-1-4422-1479-8. Cyrchwyd October 23, 2014.
9. ↑ "Arab Winter". America Staging. 2012-12-28. Cyrchwyd October 23, 2014.
10. ↑ "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad". The Jerusalem Post. Cyrchwyd October 23, 2014.
11. ↑ "Egypt and Tunisia's new 'Arab winter'". Euro news. 2013-02-08. Cyrchwyd October 23, 2014.
12. ↑ "Yemen's Arab winter". Middle East Eye. Cyrchwyd October 23, 2014.
13. ↑ Zhang, Weiwei (2012). The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State. World Century Publishing Corporation. tt. 158. ISBN 9781938134012. My observation of the Middle East has led me to conclude that, while many in the West cheer the Arab Spring, one shouldn’t be too optimistic. I hope the region will do well, but it will be difficult, and the Arab Spring today may well turn into an Arab Winter in a not-too-distant future with the American interest undermined.
14. ↑ Fukuyama, Francis; Weiwei, Zhang (2011). "The China Model: A Dialogue between Francis Fukuyama and Zhang Weiwei" (yn en). New Perspectives Quarterly 28 (4): 40–67. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5842.2011.01287.x. ISSN 1540-5842. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2011.01287.x.